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Motivation and Background

Văcărești Natural Park (VNP), located 5 kilometers from the capital's center, is a biodiverse urban wetland that grew from abandonment (Parcul natural Văcărești, n.d.). Urban communities rely on in-person engagement, but the COVID-19 pandemic forced a shift towards more digital engagement. Though an increase in online communities draws people away from parks, researchers have found that the combination of both in-person events and digital tools have increased engagement by making events more accessible, diverse, and cheap (McKinley et al. 2021). Citizen science initiatives can get community members to interact with parks; citizen science volunteers act as “field assistants in scientific studies,” (Cohn, 2008, p. 193) collecting data in individuals or groups, which leads to more open science. iNaturalist, a citizen science platform hosted by the National Geographic Society and the California Academy of Sciences (Mesaglio and Callaghan, 2021, p. 290), is used for citizens to make observations in nature for a worldwide database. Users can make standalone observations or contribute to collaborative projects with other users. Through this data, ecological patterns of species migration and habitation for urban parks and natural areas alike can be understood effortlessly on a global scale.

Methods/Objectives

The goal of this project was to advance the awareness of urban biodiversity throughout Bucharest with community engagement by exploring and recommending approaches to promote iNaturalist at VNP. To accomplish this goal, the team devised the following four objectives: 1.To examine the community’s perspective of and current level of engagement with VNP. 2.To determine the level of interest visitors and volunteers have in using iNaturalist while in VNP. 3.To establish what makes a successful iNaturalist project. 4.To provide a strategy for Văcărești Natural Park Association (VNPA) to engage the community with urban biodiversity through the implementation of iNaturalist. To examine the community’s perspective on the park, the team surveyed 80 community members in Bucharest and conducted seven interviews (three parkgoers and four members of the VNPA staff) about their experiences in the park. Survey questions focused on different aspects of the park such as volunteering opportunities, what they use the park for, and things they would like to see changed. The survey also included questions about app use in the park and whether visitors enjoy taking pictures of flora and fauna, which helped the team determine the level of interest that parkgoers have in using iNaturalist. A project is an iNaturalist app feature that allows for group observations. Ultimately, the team found that projects with over 5000 observations from at least 100 different species are successful. The projects that the team analyzed included The Vermont Center for Eco Studies in the USA, The Elmer W. Oliver Nature Park in the USA, Where the Wild Things Are in the USA, BC Parks in Canada, and both Sidewalk Botany and Pollinator Association which take place worldwide. To get the staff and a few close volunteers more familiar with iNaturalist, the team hosted a small-scale pilot workshop on April 12th, 2023, that consisted of participants coming to VNP to set up an iNaturalist account and begin uploading observations of the species they saw in the park.

Findings

Voices from the Ground: Perspectives on VNP Visitors have a positive perspective of the park, rating their level of enjoyment of it an 8 out of 10; parkgoers often enjoy activities such as walking, nature observation, and getting away from the city noise. The team identified a concern over lack of security in the park. Although, visitors with a more intimate relationship with the park and the community trusted the safety level and often felt comfortable enough to bring children to the park. The Importance of Community Engagement Survey respondents expressed that they were slightly interested in community activities (7 out of 10), which included both VNPA events and volunteering opportunities. Although the community shows interest in engaging with the park, there is an issue of keeping people engaged and getting new people to the park. One way to tackle this problem is to appeal to a younger audience; the VNPA communications officer, Victor Marin, expressed that once children start coming to the park, they will encourage their parents to come as well, leading to a trickle-down effect. Visitor Engagement Through Photography Use The team found that 75% of parkgoers take pictures of flora and fauna and have an interest in identifying the species in the photograph. This is the audience that the team recommends the VNPA promote the use of iNaturalist to since they are already taking pictures; they can easily upload the pictures they have already captured to the application. App Use in the Park Data from the visitor survey shows that there is an even split on the use of mobile apps in VNP. Regardless of whether visitors currently use apps in the park, about half of survey respondents were somewhat interested in attending an iNaturalist workshop. This means that the VNPA can successfully promote a workshop to all parkgoers. VNPA Staff Perspectives on App Use Half of staff members felt the use of citizen science apps in the park would immerse visitors in nature more, others were concerned that parkgoers might spend more time looking at their phones than paying attention to the park. Mr. Bărbulescu had a more neutral view on the use of technology in the park, acknowledging the potential for “synergy between the need for going in the park and keeping your phone in your pocket for at least one hour” (D. Bărbulescu, Personal Communication, March 29, 2023). The team found during the pilot iNaturalist workshop that the participants were not on their phones the entire time, even though the event was centered around iNaturalist use, and were still able to pay attention to the nature around them; this led the team to agree with Mr. Bărbulescu. Creating a Successful iNaturalist Project The team found that a successful iNaturalist project consisted of 5000 or more observations of at least 100 species. The team found, through a comparative analysis of successful and unsuccessful projects, that there were several features successful projects use that helped them to be successful, and these features are outlined below. Project Journal/About Feature The journal feature in iNaturalist allows project creators to update users on key findings from the project and to advertise project related events. Successful project creators have also used this feature to share their motivations for starting their iNaturalist project, to provide example observations to guide users, and to congratulate users on their best observations and findings from the project so far. Project Leaderboard Feature The ‘Leaderboard’ feature is another helpful tool in creating successful iNaturalist projects. The ‘Leaderboard’ is a table that showcases users with the most observations and species recorded, encouraging users to collect more data to compete for a higher ranking. Project Specific Theme/Location Feature Successful projects also utilized the specific ‘Theme/Location’ feature. This feature allows users to centralize one specific theme, grouping observations together for analysis. Themes can be presented as fun challenges for users such as the ‘Sidewalk Botanist Scavenger Hunt,’ which allowed users to post flora and fauna observed on sidewalks.

Recommendations

The VNPA should host iNaturalist events and they should model their iNaturalist projects after successful ones such as the Vermont Center for Eco Studies and the Elmer W. Oliver Nature Park projects. They both host a large database of plant and animal species to increase conservation efforts in Vermont and nearby areas. This is a similar goal of our collaborator, Dan Bărbulescu, who wants to generate a large database of the biodiversity in VNP. The VNPA should add a direct link from their website to the iNaturalist project. The VNPA should update the ‘Journal’ section weekly in the iNaturalist project by making entries about the users’ contributions to projects and any key findings. Lastly, the VNPA should advertise. iNaturalist events through the ‘Journal’ feature so that they can advertise use of the park to a larger user base.

Conclusion

Based on the results of this project, the team concluded that initiating citizen science projects, such as iNaturalist, significantly increases the level of community engagement and overall interaction in parks. The team also concluded that the overall current perspective of the park is predominantly positive, with some exceptions due to the concerns about the lack of security presence. Visitors expressed a desire to be more actively engaged with the park but struggled to identify the appropriate opportunities to do so. Additionally, the team discovered a divide regarding the promotion of technology use in the park; however, iNaturalist has the potential to increase the number of people in the park and help build upon a global database. A unified effort to preserve VNP’s natural and cultural heritage by engaging the community with the park through iNaturalist can yield significant benefits for community members and the ecosystem alike. In the future, the VNPA hopes to broaden to other areas throughout Romania and continue conserving biodiversity in an ever-advancing country.

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